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2025 WAEC GCE Agric Science Past Questions And Answers 2025
Question 1
(a) The government established a maize research institute with the mandate to boost agricultural production in a country. Highlight six objectives that could be achieved by the research institute. [6 marks]
(b)
(i) Name a tractor-mounted sprayer. [1 mark](ii) Mention three agro-chemicals that could be applied to crops using the sprayer named in 1(b)(i). [3 marks](iii) State four ways of maintaining the sprayer named in 1(b)(i). [4 marks]
(c) Mention four characteristics of land as a factor of agricultural production. [4 marks]
Answer 1
(1a)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Development of high-yielding maize varieties.
(ii) Production of disease-resistant maize.
(iii) Production of pest-resistant maize.
(iv) Development of early-maturing maize varieties.
(v) Improvement of modern maize farming methods.
(vi) Improvement of maize storage and preservation techniques.
(vii) Training of farmers through extension services.
(viii) Increasing food production and food security.
(1bi)
Boom sprayer
(1bii)
(i) Herbicides
(ii) Insecticides
(iii) Fungicides
(1biii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Washing the tank after use.
(ii) Flushing the pipes and nozzles with clean water.
(iii) Replacing worn-out nozzles.
(iv) Lubricating moving parts regularly.
(v) Repairing leakages immediately.
(vi) Storing the sprayer in a dry place.
(1c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Land is a free gift of nature.
(ii) Land is fixed in supply.
(iii) Land is immobile.
(iv) Land is heterogeneous in nature.
(v) Land is subject to diminishing returns.
(vi) The value of land depends on fertility and location.
Question 2
(a)
(i) Define the term soil structure. [2 marks](ii) Give five ways in which a good soil structure is important for crop production. [5 marks]
(b) Complete the table below. [6 marks]
| Agro-based industry | Two agricultural raw materials used |
|---|---|
| Canning | (i) (ii) |
| Brewery | (iii) (iv) |
| Pharmaceutical | (v) (vi) |
(c) State five characteristics of natural pastures. [5 marks]
Answer 2
(2ai)
Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles (sand, silt, and clay) into stable units called aggregates or peds.
(2aii)
(i)Improved water infiltration and retention.
(ii)Enhanced root penetration and growth.
(iii)Better aeration, ensuring adequate oxygen supply to roots and microorganisms.
(iv)Reduced soil erosion by resisting the impact of rain and wind.
(v)Facilitated nutrient cycling and availability through microbial activity.
(2bi)
Complet the table;
UNDER; Agro-based Industry And The Two agricultural raw materials used;
-Canning
(i) Fruits
(ii)Vegetables
-Brewery
(i) Barley/Malt
(ii) Hops
-Pharmaceutical
(i) Medicinal plants/Herbs
(ii) Plant extracts/Essential
(2c)
(i)They consist of a mixture of different grass species and sometimes legumes and forbs.
(ii)The species composition is naturally occurring and not typically planted by humans.
(iii)They are often found in areas less suitable for intensive cultivation.
(iv)They exhibit seasonal variation in growth and nutritional value.
(v)They are generally more resilient to environmental stresses like drought compared to cultivated pastures.
Question 3
(a) Mention three factors each that should be considered in choosing:
(i) surface irrigation method; [3 marks](ii) underground irrigation method. [3 marks]
(b)
(i) What is agroforestry? [2 marks](ii) Name five common tree species suitable for agroforestry in West Africa. [5 marks]
(c) On the table below, state five differences between the digestive system of a ram and the digestive system of a cock. [5 marks]
| Digestive system of a ram | Digestive system of a cock |
|---|---|
Answer 3
(3ai)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Nature/type of soil
(ii) Topography (slope of the land)
(iii) Availability of water
(iv) Type of crop to be grown
(v) Climate/rainfall pattern
(vi) Cost of construction and maintenance
(3aii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Soil permeability
(ii) Depth of water table
(iii) Type of crop root system
(iv) Cost of installation
(v) Availability of water supply
(vi) Technical skill required
(3bi)
Agroforestry is the practice of growing trees and crops together on the same piece of land at the same time for mutual benefit.
(3bii)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Oil palm
(ii) Cocoa
(iii) Mango
(iv) Orange
(v) Cashew
(vi) Iroko
(vii) Neem
(viii) Leucaena
(3c)
In a Tabular form
=Digestive system of a ram=
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) A ram is a ruminant animal.
(ii) A ram has four stomach compartments.
(iii) A ram chews the cud.
(iv) A ram carries out microbial fermentation.
(v) A ram does not have a crop.
(vi) A ram has teeth for grinding food.
(vii) A ram digests cellulose efficiently.
(viii) A ram has a large and complex stomach.
=Digestive system of a cock=
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) A cock is not a ruminant animal.
(ii) A cock has only one stomach.
(iii) A cock does not chew the cud.
(iv) A cock carries out mechanical and chemical digestion.
(v) A cock has a crop.
(vi) A cock has no teeth but has a beak.
(vii) A cock cannot digest cellulose efficiently.
(viii) A cock has a small and simple stomach.
Question 4
(a) Complete the table below on groundnut rosette disease. [6 marks]
| Causal organism | Two symptoms | Three preventive/control measures |
|---|---|---|
(b) Give three:
(i) advantages of sexual propagation of crops;
(ii) disadvantages of sexual propagation of crops. [6 marks]
(c) Mention three nursery practices that are carried out when propagating cocoa. [3 marks]
(d) State three characteristics of eggs that would make them unsuitable for incubation. [3 marks]
Question 5
(a) A cattle breeder crossed a homozygous horned bull (H) with a homozygous polled cow (h).
(i) With a genetic cross, determine the genotype of the offspring in the second filial generation.
(ii) Determine the:
I. phenotypic ratio of the offspring in the second filial generation;
II. genotypic ratio of the offspring in the second filial generation. [4 marks]
(b) State five advantages of the intensive system of rearing farm animals. [5 marks]
(c) Give five reasons why the prices of agricultural produce are unstable in West Africa. [5 marks]
(iii) In which generation did segregation of genes occur? [2 marks]
Question 6
(a) Give two reasons each for carrying out the following marketing functions:
(i) storage;
(ii) processing;
(iii) grading. [6 marks]
(b) State five qualities of a good farm manager. [5 marks]
(c) Mention three side effects of the biological method of pest control. [3 marks]
(d) Name two varieties each of the following crops:
(i) cocoa;
(ii) oil palm. [4 marks]
Answer 6
(6ai)
=Storage=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) To prevent spoilage of farm produce
(ii) To ensure constant supply throughout the year
(iii) To avoid glut in the market
(iv) To stabilize prices of farm products
(v) To enable farmers sell when prices are favourable
(vi) To store produce until it is needed for processing or consumption
(6aii)
=Processing=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) To increase the shelf life of farm products
(ii) To add value to agricultural produce
(iii) To improve taste and quality of products
(iv) To reduce bulkiness for easy transportation
(v) To prevent wastage and spoilage
(vi) To make products suitable for different uses
(6aiii)
=Grading=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) To ensure uniformity in quality
(ii) To help in fixing standard prices
(iii) To satisfy consumers’ preference
(iv) To encourage fair trade
(v) To make marketing easier
(vi) To improve the value of quality products
(6b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Honesty
(ii) Hardwork
(iii) Good leadership skill
(iv) Good decision-making ability
(v) Good record-keeping ability
(vi) Technical knowledge
(vii) Patience
(viii) Good communication skill
(6c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It may kill useful insects
(ii) The method is slow
(iii) The predator may turn into a pest
(iv) It may disturb the ecosystem
(v) It may not completely eliminate pests
(vi) It may cause imbalance in nature
(6di)
=Cocoa=
(i) Forastero
(ii) Criollo
(6dii)
=Oil Palm=
(i) Dura
(ii) Tenera
2025 WAEC GCE Agricultural Science Objective Past Questions And Answers
Choose the correct option lettered A to D for each question below.
- The following characteristics are features of subsistence farming except
A. low farm output.
B. specialization in production.
C. cultivation of mainly food crops.
D. use of mainly family labour. - A branch of agriculture that could result in flooding is
A. horticulture.
B. aquaculture.
C. olericulture.
D. silviculture. - Agriculture could be a source of foreign exchange to the government through the
A. establishment of agro-based industries in rural areas.
B. sale of hides and skins to local processors.
C. establishment of game reserves.
D. sale of fertilizers to urban farmers. - The length of a Gunter’s chain is approximately
A. 40 m.
B. 30 m.
C. 25 m.
D. 20 m. - A farm machinery suitable for harvesting forage grasses is
A. tractor.
B. sheller.
C. mower.
D. combine. - The list below are parts of a farm implement. Use them to answer questions 6 and 7.
I. Furrow opener
II. Hopper
III. Furrow covering device
IV. Roller
All the listed parts could be found in a
A. plough.
B. sprayer.
C. harrow.
D. planter. - Crops that could be propagated using the farm implement in which all the listed parts are found are
A. cereals, pulses and vegetables.
B. vegetables and cereals.
C. pulses and vegetables.
D. cereals and pulses. - Which of the following factors could lead to wrong readings when using the prismatic compass for surveying?
A. High magnetic attraction
B. Low relative humidity
C. High ambient temperature
D. Low wind velocity - A raw material required in the tyre manufacturing industry is
A. hoof.
B. latex.
C. lint.
D. hide. - An equipment used in testing soil pH is the
A. theodolite.
B. hygrometer.
D. universal indicator. - The soil with the smallest particle size is
A. silt.
B. clay.
C. gravel.
D. sand. - The list below are the readings of different soils on a pH scale during a soil analysis experiment. Use them to answer questions 12 to 14.
I. 2.8
II. 9.0
III. 13.0
The reading in I indicates that the soil is
A. highly alkaline.
B. highly acidic.
C. moderately alkaline.
D. moderately acidic. - The reading in II indicates that the soil is
A. moderately alkaline.
B. moderately acidic.
C. highly alkaline.
D. highly acidic. - In reading III, the resulting soil condition could be corrected by applying
A. wood ash.
B. basic slag.
C. calcium carbonate.
D. ammonium sulphate. - The cropping system that is most effective for controlling soil-borne diseases of crops is
A. monocropping.
B. crop rotation.
C. continuous cropping.
D. mixed cropping. - A deficiency symptom of magnesium in crops is
A. lodging of plants.
B. breakdown of cell wall.
C. interveinal chlorosis.
D. purple discoloration of leaves. - In order for drip irrigation to be efficient,
A. irrigation water must be emitted at high pressure.
B. the slope of the land should be gentle.
C. inflow of water should be against wind direction.
D. irrigation water should be free of sediments. - Mineral matter is mainly composed of
A. earthworm, sand and clay.
B. gravel, clay, sand and silt.
C. sand, earthworm, gravel and clay.
D. clay, loam and sand. - Organic matter is important in soils because it
A. prevents soil pollution.
B. is a storehouse of nutrients.
C. determines the type of soil.
D. facilitates weathering of rocks. - Pruning of cocoa trees is done in order to
A. reduce the growth rate.
B. reduce light penetration.
C. improve pod formation.
D. improve the leaf to stem ratio. - Tomato fruits should not be allowed to ripen fully on the field before harvesting in order to
A. increase the market value.
B. increase the yield.
C. prevent rottening of fruits.
D. enhance easy processing. - Cotton is an example of a
A. root and tuber crop.
B. fibre crop.
C. vegetable crop.
D. cereal crop. - Sisal could be propagated by
I. rhizome
II. sucker
III. bulbils
A. I, II and III
B. II and III only
C. I and III only
D. I and II only - Sisal could be used in making
A. cloth and oil.
B. rope and paper.
C. tyre and sugar.
D. bag and polish. - Shelling in maize production refers to the process of
A. separating the husk from the seeds.
B. separating the seeds from the cob.
C. removing the ear from the cob.
D. removing the tassel from the seeds. - Grasses are important in pastures because they
A. add phosphorus to the soil.
B. reduce trampling by animals.
C. serve as mulching materials.
D. check the growth of weeds. - Breeding of self-pollinated crops could be regarded as
A. back crossing.
B. line breeding.
C. hybridization.
D. inbreeding. - The use of combine harvester to harvest maize is more efficient if the plants are of uniform
A. colour.
B. girth.
C. weight.
D. height. - A crop that does not require a relatively dry period before harvesting is
A. cowpea.
B. banana.
C. cotton.
D. groundnut. - If the spacing of yam is 1 m by 1 m, calculate the number of seed yams required for the cultivation of 0.45 hectares of farmland.
A. 45,000
B. 4,500
C. 450
D. 45 - The growing of trees where there was no forest is termed
A. regeneration.
B. reforestation.
C. afforestation.
D. deforestation. - A suitable grass for lawns is
A. Panicum maximum.
B. Aspilia africana.
C. Axonopus compressus.
D. Eleucine indica. - Locust can be classified as a
A. boring insect.
B. sucking insect.
C. biting and chewing insect.
D. piercing and sucking insect. - Streak disease of maize is caused by a
A. protozoon.
B. fungus.
C. virus.
D. bacterium. - Farm animals obtain energy from
A. vitamins.
B. mineral salts.
C. water.
D. lipids. - A castrated pig is called a
A. barrow.
B. steer.
C. wether.
D. capon. - The breed of goat known for its quality skin is
A. Kano Brown.
B. Borno White.
C. Sokoto Red.
D. West African Dwarf. - Egg shell of poultry is mainly composed of
A. calcium chloride.
B. calcium carbonate.
C. calcium sulphate.
D. calcium oxide. - Ketosis in farm animals could be corrected by
A. mixing molasses in drinking water.
B. provision of salt lick to grazing animals.
C. adding palm oil to feed.
D. adding calcium to feed. - The liver is an important organ in farm animals because it
A. synthesizes vitamin B complex.
B. absorbs nutrients from digested feed.
C. breaks down feed particles.
D. secretes bile for the digestion of fats. - The floor of a deep litter house should be made of concrete in order to
A. conserve heat.
B. protect against rainfall.
C. prevent damage by rodents.
D. absorb droppings. - Hereditary traits in livestock are
I. controlled by genes
II. transmitted from parents to offspring
III. influenced by nutrition
A. I, II and III
B. II and III only
C. I and III only
D. I and II only - Day length has a direct effect on
I. milk production
II. egg production
III. meat production
A. I, II and III
B. II and III only
C. I and III only
D. I and II only - The area of a circular fish pond of diameter 14 m is
A. 616 m².
B. 196 m².
C. 154 m².
D. 44 m². - Newcastle disease in poultry mainly affects the
A. nervous and circulatory systems.
B. respiratory and nervous systems.
C. digestive and circulatory systems.
D. respiratory and reproductive systems. - The grace period in which farmers are allowed to use loans before repayment is known as
A. moratorium.
B. premium.
C. interest.
D. collateral. - At N70, the quantity of rice demanded was 30kg and at N40, the quantity of rice demanded was 50kg. Use this information to answer questions 47 to 49.
The percentage change in price is
A. 75.0%.
B. 57.1%.
C. 42.9%.
D. 28.6%. - Determine the percentage change in quantity demanded for rice.
A. 33.3%
B. 40.0%
C. 60.0%
D. 66.7% - Calculate the elasticity of demand for rice.
A. 1.55
B. 1.09
C. 0.93
D. 0.89 - The marketing agent which provides ready and organized market for agricultural produce is the
A. retailer.
B. commodity board.
C. wholesaler.
D. private middleman.
Answer Key
| Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | 11 | B | 21 | C | 31 | C | 41 | C |
| 2 | B | 12 | B | 22 | B | 32 | C | 42 | D |
| 3 | A | 13 | A | 23 | B | 33 | C | 43 | D |
| 4 | D | 14 | D | 24 | B | 34 | C | 44 | C |
| 5 | C | 15 | B | 25 | B | 35 | D | 45 | B |
| 6 | D | 16 | C | 26 | D | 36 | A | 46 | A |
| 7 | D | 17 | D | 27 | D | 37 | C | 47 | C |
| 8 | A | 18 | B | 28 | D | 38 | B | 48 | D |
| 9 | B | 19 | B | 29 | B | 39 | A | 49 | A |
| 10 | D | 20 | C | 30 | B | 40 | D | 50 | B |
2026 WAEC Agricultural Science Questions And Answers
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2024 WAEC GCE Agricultural Science Past Questions and Answers
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Question 1(a): Discuss the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture under the following headings:
(1ai). Location of its headquarters:
- Oyo State
(1aii). Three target crops:
- Cassava
- Maize
- Yam
(1aiii). Five roles in agricultural development:
- Research and development.
- Pest and disease control.
- Training and capacity building.
- Soil fertility management.
- Food security and nutrition.
Question 1(b): State three disadvantages each of using the following sources of power on the farm:
(1bi) Sunlight:
- Solar energy systems can be expensive to install.
- Limited availability in regions with long winters.
- Requires large surface areas for solar panels.
(1bii) Electricity:
- High consumption costs for large farms.
- Vulnerability to power outages and interruptions.
- Requires infrastructure that may not be available in remote areas.
(1biii) Draught Animals
- Limited by the strength and endurance of the animal.
- Difficult to transport heavy machinery or large loads.
- Animals can be prone to illness and injury.
Question 2(a): Draw a well-labelled diagram of the water cycle

Question 2(bi): Explain the term deforestation
Deforestation refers to the large scale clearing or removal of forests or trees, often for agricultural, industrial, or urban development purposes, resulting in the loss of forest cover.
Question 2(bii): Give five reasons why forest trees are important in the environment
- They provide raw materials such as timber, firewood, and medicinal products.
- Forests help in controlling climate by influencing local and global temperatures.
- Trees act as windbreaks, reducing the effects of strong winds and storms.
- Forests play a role in maintaining water quality by filtering pollutants.
- They enhance soil fertility through the decomposition of fallen leaves and organic matter.
Question 2(c): Mention five roles of living organisms in the soil
- Promoting nutrient cycling by breaking down complex organic compounds.
- Contributing to soil formation through the weathering of rocks.
- Suppressing soil-borne diseases by outcompeting harmful pathogens.
- Enhancing soil water retention by improving its structure.
- Facilitating plant root growth by creating pores and channels in the soil.
- Recycling essential minerals like phosphorus and potassium.
- Forming symbiotic relationships (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi) that help plants absorb nutrients more efficiently.
Question 4: (a) Discuss the cultivation of rubber under the following headings:
(ai)
Botanical name: Hevea brasiliensis
(aii)
Two methods of propagation:
(i) Budding
(ii) Stem Cuttings
(aiii)
Soil requirement: Rubber thrives in deep, well-drained, loamy soils with a pH of 4.5–6.5.
(aiv)
Fertilizer application: Apply NPK fertilizers (e.g., 12:6:6) in split doses during the early growth stages and micronutrients as needed.
(av)
Harvesting: Rubber is harvested by tapping ie making incisions on the bark of mature tree to collect latex.
Question 4: (b) Name two insect pests of each of the following crops:
(bi)
Sorghum:
- Stem borer
- Armyworm
- Aphids
- Shoot fly
(bii)
Cassava:
- Cassava mealybug
- Green spider mite
- Whiteflies
- Grasshopper
(biii)
Tomato:
- Tomato fruit borer
- Whiteflies
- Leaf miners
- Aphids
Question 4: (c) State six effects of high temperature in a brooder house
- Heat stress in chicks
- Reduced feed intake
- Dehydration
- Increased water consumption
- Stunted growth
- Increased mortality
- Poor feather development
- Agitation and discomfort
- Reduced immunity against diseases
Question 5: (a) Complete the table below:
| Farm animal | Young one | Act of parturition | Number of teats in udder | Oestrus cycle (days) | Gestation period (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goat | |||||
| Cattle |

Question 5: (b) Mention four factors that determine the degree of an animal’s resistance to a disease.
(Pick any 4)
- Genetic makeup
- Nutritional status
- Vaccination history
- Hygiene practices
- Age of the animal
- Stress levels
Question 5: (c) Give four reasons why bush burning should be discouraged in West Africa
- Bush burning destroys organic matter, reducing soil nutrients.
- It kills plants, animals, and microorganisms essential for ecosystem balance.
- Smoke from bush burning contributes to air pollution and respiratory health issues.
- It can lead to widespread, uncontrollable wildfires, endangering lives and property.
- Bush burning releases greenhouse gases, worsening global warming.
- It destroys crop residues that serve as livestock feed.
Question 6: The table below illustrates the supply schedule for rice.
Use it to answer questions 6(a) and 6(b).
| Price per kg (₦) | Quantity supplied (tonnes) |
|---|---|
| 50 | 20 |
| 100 | 40 |
| 150 | 50 |
| 200 | 60 |
| 250 | 100 |
Question 6: (a) Draw the supply curve for rice.

Question 6: (b) Determine the price elasticity of supply when the price increases from ₦100 to ₦250
Initial 𝑄𝑠 = 40 tonnes (at ₦100)
Final 𝑄𝑠 = 100 tonnes (at ₦250)
Change in 𝑄𝑠 = 100 – 40 = 60 tonnes
Percentage change in 𝑄𝑠 = 60/40 × 100 = 150%
Initial P = ₦100
Final P = ₦250
Change in P = ₦250 – ₦100 = ₦150
Percentage change in P = 150/100 × 100 = 150%
PES = 150/150 = 1 (unit elastic)
Question 6: (c) Mention four characteristics of a good dairy cow
(PICK ANY FOUR)
- High milk production capacity.
- Well-developed udder with evenly spaced and functional teats.
- Strong and healthy body structure.
- Calm temperament and easy to handle.
- Regular reproductive cycle and high fertility.
- Resistance to common diseases and good overall health.
- Proper feeding habits and efficient feed conversion.
Question 6: (d) List three methods of determining soil texture
- Feel method.
- Sieve analysis.
- Sedimentation method (using water)
2024 WAEC GCE Agricultural Science Past Questions PDF

Kolade Kayode, known as Mr. KK, I am a Nigerian education blogger and founder of MasterWAEC.com. Passionate about student success, I simplifies WAEC exam preparation with accurate tips and resources to help students excel.
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