The West African Examination Council (WAEC) has officially set June 11, 2026, as the date for the 2026 WAEC Chemistry Questions And Answers Essay & OBJ exams. With the date approaching fast, Its essential for candidates to prepare well before the exams.
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WAEC Chemistry Questions and Answers 2026
Below are the solved WAEC Chemistry Essay Questions and Answers 2026. Candidates are advised to study the explanations carefully and practice similar questions.
QUESTION 2
(a) The table shows the positions of some elements in the periodic table.
(i) Which element would exist as a diatomic gas?
Answer: M
(ii) Which element is an alkali metal?
Answer: O
(iii) Which element would form an amphoteric oxide?
Answer: R
(iv) Which element would combine with M to form an electrovalent bond?
Answer: O
(v) Which element is a noble gas?
Answer: V
(vi) Which element would form a covalent oxide?
Answer: T
(b)(i) Define a saturated solution.
Answer:
A saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature.
(b)(ii) If 60 cm³ of a saturated solution of KNO₃ contains 15.6 g of the salt at 35°C, calculate the solubility of KNO₃ in mol dm⁻³.
Solution:
Mass of KNO₃ in 60 cm³ = 15.6 g
Mass of KNO₃ in 1000 cm³ (1 dm³)
= (15.6 × 1000) ÷ 60
= 260 g dm⁻³
Molar mass of KNO₃
= 39 + 14 + (16 × 3)
= 101 g mol⁻¹
Solubility = 260 ÷ 101
= 2.57 mol dm⁻³
Answer: 2.57 mol dm⁻³
(c)(i) Outline briefly how PbCl₂ can be prepared from Pb(NO₃)₂ and a mineral acid.
Answer:
- Prepare an aqueous solution of lead(II) nitrate.
- Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the solution.
- A white precipitate of lead(II) chloride is formed.
- Filter off the precipitate.
- Wash the precipitate with distilled water.
- Dry between filter papers.
(c)(ii) Write the equation for the reaction.
Answer:
Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → PbCl₂(s) + 2HNO₃(aq)
(d)(i) Give the reason why the electron configuration of copper is 3d¹⁰4s¹ and not 3d⁹4s².
Answer:
Copper has the electronic configuration 3d¹⁰4s¹ because a completely filled 3d subshell is more stable than a partially filled 3d subshell. Therefore, one electron from the 4s orbital is transferred to the 3d orbital.
(d)(ii) Mention the two oxidation states of iron in its chlorides.
Answer:
- +2 (Ferrous)
- +3 (Ferric)
(d)(iii) Name one chemical process in which iron is used as a catalyst.
Answer:
Haber Process (Manufacture of Ammonia).
QUESTION 3
(a)(i) Define the term enthalpy of neutralization.
Answer:
Enthalpy of neutralization is the heat change when one mole of water is formed by the reaction between an acid and a base under standard conditions.
(a)(ii) Write the ionic equation for neutralization.
Answer:
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l)
(b)(i) Identify W, X, Y and Z in the reaction scheme.
Answers:
- W: Sodium Propanoate (C₂H₅COONa)
- X: Ethyl Propanoate (C₂H₅COOC₂H₅)
- Y: Propan-1-ol (C₃H₇OH)
- Z: Propene (C₃H₆)
(b)(ii) Write the equation for the reaction between propanoic acid and ethanol.
Answer:
CH₃CH₂COOH + CH₃CH₂OH ⇌ CH₃CH₂COOCH₂CH₃ + H₂O
(c)(i) What is an acid anhydride?
Answer:
An acid anhydride is an oxide, usually of a non-metal, which reacts with water to produce the corresponding acid.
(c)(ii) State the acid anhydride of each compound.
(i) H₂SO₄: SO₃
(ii) HNO₃: N₂O₅
(iii) H₂CO₃: CO₂
(d)(i) Describe the extraction of aluminium from Al₂O₃ by electrolysis.
Answer:
- Aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite.
- The mixture is electrolysed in a steel tank lined with carbon.
- Graphite rods serve as the anodes.
- Al³⁺ ions gain electrons at the cathode to form molten aluminium.
- The molten aluminium collects at the bottom and is tapped off periodically.
(d)(ii) Name the electrodes used.
Answer:
- Cathode
- Anode
(d)(iii) Why should the anode be replaced periodically?
Answer:
The anode reacts with oxygen produced during electrolysis to form carbon dioxide and is gradually consumed.
(e)(i) Gas X diffuses twice as fast as oxygen. Calculate its relative molecular mass.
Solution:
Using Graham’s Law:
2 = √(32/Mr)
4 = 32/Mr
Mr = 8
Answer: 8
(e)(ii) What mass of gas X would fill a 5 dm³ cylinder at s.t.p?
Solution:
Number of moles = 5 ÷ 22.4
= 0.223 mol
Mass = 0.223 × 8
= 1.79 g
Answer: 1.79 g
QUESTION 4
(a)(i) Describe briefly the chemical test for hydrogen.
Answer:
Bring a lighted splint near the gas. Hydrogen burns with a characteristic squeaky pop sound, confirming its presence.
(a)(ii) Mention three uses of hydrogen gas.
Answer (Pick Any Three):
- Manufacture of ammonia (Haber Process).
- Hydrogenation of vegetable oils to make margarine.
- Used as rocket fuel.
- Oxy-hydrogen welding and cutting of metals.
- Filling weather balloons.
- Reduction of metal oxides to metals.
- Manufacture of hydrochloric acid.
(a)(iii) Write the equations for the reactions of hydrogen with:
(i) Sodium metal:
2Na + H₂ → 2NaH
(ii) Copper(II) chloride solution:
CuCl₂ + H₂ → Cu + 2HCl
(iii) Chlorine gas:
H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl
(b)(i) Give one reason why:
(I) Tin is used in the canning of food.
- It is resistant to corrosion.
- It does not react with food.
- It is non-toxic.
- It protects the iron can from rusting.
- It can be easily coated onto steel.
(II) Copper is used in the manufacture of wires.
- It is a good conductor of electricity.
- It is ductile.
- It is resistant to corrosion.
- It is durable.
- It can be drawn into thin wires easily.
(b)(ii) Name one ore of:
(I) Iron:
- Haematite
- Magnetite
- Limonite
- Siderite
- Iron Pyrites
(II) Tin:
- Cassiterite
- Stannite
- Teallite
- Cylindrite
- Franckeite
(b)(iii) Name one alloy of:
(I) Iron:
- Steel
- Stainless Steel
- Cast Iron
- Nickel Steel
- Chromium Steel
(II) Copper:
- Brass
- Bronze
- Gun Metal
- Cupronickel
- Bell Metal
(c)(i) Name the solid produced during the destructive distillation of coal.
Answer:
Coke.
(c)(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of the solid with steam.
Answer:
C + H₂O(g) → CO + H₂
(c)(iii) Name the gaseous fuel obtained.
Answer:
Water Gas.
(d)(i) State the method of extraction of each metal.
- Tin: Reduction with Carbon.
- Iron: Reduction with Carbon (Blast Furnace).
- Aluminium: Electrolysis.
(d)(ii) State one use of aluminium.
Answer (Pick One):
- Manufacture of aircraft bodies.
- Manufacture of cooking utensils.
- Production of electrical cables.
- Making window and door frames.
- Manufacture of beverage cans.
- Roofing sheets.
- Manufacture of kitchen foil.
QUESTION 5
(a)(i) State the process that:
(I) Removes earthy particles from water.
Answer: Sedimentation
(II) Causes fine insoluble solids in water to clump together.
Answer: Coagulation
(III) Increases the amount of dissolved oxygen in water.
Answer: Aeration
(a)(ii) State the substance added to water in order to:
(I) Kill germs.
Answer: Chlorine
(II) Increase its pH.
Answer: Lime
(III) Prevent goitre.
Answer: Iodine
(IV) Precipitate solid impurities.
Answer: Potash Alum, KAl(SO₄)₂
(b)(i) Name one reagent that could produce chlorine gas when added to:
(I) MnO₂(s)
Answer: Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
(II) A mixture of dilute H₂SO₄ and NaCl(aq)
Answer: Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄)
(b)(ii) Name the main products of the reaction of chlorine with:
(I) Cold dilute NaOH
Answer: Sodium Oxochlorate(I) (NaOCl)
(II) Freshly prepared Cu(OH)₂(aq)
Answer: Bleaching Powder [Ca(OCl)₂·H₂O]
(b)(iii) State the application of the products named in 5(b)(ii) in laundry.
Answer:
They are used in dye works and laundries for bleaching, disinfecting and removing stains from fabrics.
(c)(i) State the condition necessary when concentrated H₂SO₄ is added to NaCl(s).
Answer:
Presence of heat.
(c)(ii) Write the equation for the reaction.
Answer:
H₂SO₄(aq) + NaCl(s) → NaHSO₄(aq) + HCl(g)
(c)(iii) Mention the reagent that could be used to identify the gas liberated.
Answer:
Aqueous Ammonia (NH₃ solution).
(c)(iv) State the observation in 5(c)(iii).
Answer:
Dense white fumes of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) are produced.
(c)(v) Name the precipitate formed when the gas liberated is bubbled into Pb(NO₃)₂(aq).
Answer:
Lead(II) Chloride (PbCl₂).
(d)(i) Describe briefly how CuSO₄ crystals could be obtained from its aqueous solution.
Answer:
- Prepare a saturated solution of CuSO₄.
- Filter to remove any undissolved impurities.
- Evaporate the solution gently until it becomes saturated.
- Allow the solution to cool.
- Blue crystals of CuSO₄·5H₂O will form.
- Decant the mother liquor.
- Blot the crystals dry with filter paper and allow them to air dry.
(d)(ii) State the constituent elements in bronze.
Answer:
- Copper
- Tin
WAEC Chemistry Objectives Questions 2026
Answer all the questions.
Each question is followed by four options lettered A to D. Find the correct option for each question and shade in pencil on your answer sheet, the answer space which bears the same letter as the option you have chosen. Give only one answer to each question.
-
When the pressure on 200 cm³ of a gas is doubled, and its absolute temperature is halved, its volume would become
- 200 cm³
- 50 cm³
- 800 cm³
- 400 cm³
-
In the periodic table, an element with electronic configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p³ is in
- Period 3 and Group III.
- Period 3 and Group V.
- Period 2 and Group III.
- Period 2 and Group V.
-
An element X has a valency of +3. The correct formula of its chloride is
- X₂Cl
- X₃Cl
- XCl₃
- XCl₂
-
A zwitterion is
- bipolar.
- inorganic.
- divalent.
- dibasic.
-
Transition elements possess variable oxidation states because they have
- variable number of electrons in the p-orbitals.
- partially filled p-orbitals.
- electrons in the d-orbitals.
- electrons in the s-orbitals.
-
Oxygen and ozone are
- allotropes.
- isotopes.
- monomers.
- isomers.
-
A solution was found to have a soapy touch. The pH of the solution is likely to be
- 7.
- 12.
- 2.
- 6.
-
Which of the following substances is not a mixture?
- Brine
- Sea water
- Urine
- Iron rod
-
Which of the following carbohydrates contains fructose?
- Sucrose
- Cellulose
- Galactose
- Lactose
-
The following orbitals present in a potassium atom contain electrons except
- 3p.
- 2p.
- 4s.
- 3d.
-
Carbon(IV) oxide could be produced from glucose by
- hydrolysis.
- fermentation.
- oxidation.
- decarbonization.
-
NH₄Cl is more soluble than NaCl. When a mixture of NH₄Cl and NaCl are separated by fractional crystallization,
- NaCl would crystallize first.
- NH₄Cl would crystallize first.
- the component that is present in greater proportion crystallizes first.
- NH₄Cl and NaCl would crystallize simultaneously.
-
Metallic solids are good conductors of electricity because
- they are negatively charged.
- they are positively charged.
- of the presence of mobile electrons.
- of the absence of mobile electrons.
-
How many sub-atomic particles are contained in ²⁷₁₃X⁺⁹?
- 37
- 34
- 43
- 40
-
Liquid X has a sour taste. The pH value of X is likely to be
- 9.
- 11.
- 5.
- 7.
-
Which of the following periodic properties increases from right to left in the periodic table?
- Atomic radius
- Electronegativity
- Electron affinity
- Ionization energy
-
The flame test of a certain metal produced a yellow colouration. The metal is most likely to be
- Cu.
- Ca.
- Zn.
- Na.
-
Equal volumes of CH₄(g) and NH₃(g) at the same temperature and pressure would have the same
- number of molecules.
- number of atoms.
- rate of diffusion.
- mass number.
-
The effect of greenhouse gases could be reduced by
- planting of trees.
- deforestation.
- depletion of ozone layer.
- burning of wood.
-
A hydrocarbon CxHy burns in air according to the following equation:
CxHy(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + y/2H2O(l)
The value of y is- 8.
- 4.
- 12.
- 10.
-
A balloon was filled with a mixture containing equal volumes of H₂, He and N₂. Which of the following statements about the gases is correct?
- When deflated, He would diffuse fastest.
- The pressure in the balloon would be a sum of the partial pressures of H₂, He and N₂.
- The number of molecules of N₂ would be the greatest.
- The masses of H₂, He and N₂ in the balloon would be equal.
-
If carbon forms CX₄ and CY₂ with elements X and Y respectively, the formula of the compound that would be formed between elements X and Y is
- X₂Y.
- XY₂.
- YX.
- X₂Y₄.
-
Which of the following substances could be used in galvanization of iron to prevent rusting?
- Silver
- Copper
- Tin
- Zinc
-
The molar mass of a chloride of iron is 127 g mol⁻¹. Given that Cl = 35.5, Fe = 56.0, the formula of the chloride is
- FeCl₂.
- FeCl.
- Fe₂Cl.
- FeCl₃.
-
Which of the following apparatus is used in transferring a solution into a burette during titration?
- Funnel
- Pipette
- Measuring cylinder
- Beaker
-
When X was added to aqueous FeCl₃, its colour changed from reddish-brown to pale-green. X could be
- LiAlH₄.
- MnO₂.
- Cl₂.
- K₂Cr₂O₇.
-
Which of the following substances is a mixture?
- Gold
- Quick lime
- Brine
- Dry ice
-
An atom of chlorine could be converted to chloride ion by
- oxidation.
- ionization.
- decomposition.
- reduction.
-
The empirical formula of a compound is given as C₂H₄O. Its relative molecular mass would be [C = 12; H = 1; O = 16]
- 32.
- 22.
- 88.
- 44.
-
A molecule is the smallest independent particle of
- a salt.
- an element.
- an atom.
- an ion.
-
Which of the following acids is most volatile when concentrated?
- HCl
- HNO₃
- CH₃COOH
- H₂SO₄
-
Consider the following redox half reaction equation:
C₂O₄²⁻ + 2H₂O → 2CO₃²⁻ + 4H⁺ + Xe⁻
The value of X is- 2.
- 1.
- 4.
- 3.
-
The simplest ratio of carbon atom to hydrogen atom in benzene represents
- structural formula.
- empirical formula.
- isomers of compounds.
- molecular formula.
-
Potassium chloride may be used on farmlands because it
- kills harmful bacteria.
- is essential for healthy plant growth.
- removes excess soil acidity.
- reacts with salts in the soil to release ammonia.
-
The mass of sodium hydroxide that is required to prepare 250 cm³ of 2.0 mol dm⁻³ NaOH(aq) is [NaOH = 40 g mol⁻¹]
- 16 g.
- 5 g.
- 50 g.
- 20 g.
-
Ethanol could be produced from
- benzene.
- limestone.
- sugar cane.
- calcium carbide.
-
X²⁺ is formed from X atom by
- gaining two protons.
- gaining two electrons.
- losing two protons.
- losing two electrons.
-
Consider the following reaction equation:
Cu₂S(s) + X₂(g) → X₂S(g) + 2Cu(s)
It can be deduced that- X is an oxidizing agent.
- Cu₂S(s) has lost electrons.
- X is a precipitating agent.
- the oxidation number of X increases.
-
A particle that is made up of 10 electrons and 13 protons is
- a cation.
- an anion.
- an atom.
- a molecule.
-
Magnesium oxide is an example of
- an acidic oxide.
- a neutral oxide.
- an amphoteric oxide.
- a basic oxide.
-
Degenerate orbitals are orbitals of
- the same subshell having equal energy.
- the same subshell having different energies.
- different subshells having equal energy.
- different subshells having different energies.
-
The general formula of an alkyl group is
- CnH2n+1.
- CnH2n-1.
- CnH2n+2.
- CnH2n-2.
-
Which of the following compounds is covalent?
- KCl
- MgCl₂
- NaCl
- HCl
-
The preparation of carbon(II) oxide is done in a fume cupboard because the gas is
- alkaline.
- acidic.
- poisonous.
- neutral.
-
Which of the following elements would evolve hydrogen most rapidly from dilute HCl?
- Zn
- Fe
- Au
- Ag
-
Which of the following pairs of enthalpy changes is always negative?
- Formation and solution
- Combustion and formation
- Neutralization and solution
- Combustion and neutralization
-
Consider the following chemical equation:
MgCl₂ + 2H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ + 2HCl
The reaction represented by the equation is- hydration.
- neutralization.
- ionization.
- hydrolysis.
-
Y is a weak acid that turns blue and green when added to an aqueous solution of NaHSO₄ and Na₂CO₃ respectively. Y could be
- an amphoteric agent.
- a precipitating agent.
- an acid-base indicator.
- an amphoteric oxide.
-
Which of the following molecules possesses polar bonds but is non-polar?
- Carbon(IV) oxide
- Ammonia
- Water
- Sulphur(IV) oxide
-
A suitable substance used to purify ethanol is
- calcium oxide.
- calcium chloride.
- zinc dust.
- tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid.
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